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Ferritin is a protein that stores iron inside your cells and releases it when your body needs it. A blood ferritin test is the most common way to estimate how much iron you have in reserve.

Ferritin reflects your body's iron stores, so it helps show whether you have enough iron banked for making red blood cells, carrying oxygen, and supporting energy. Because it changes before other iron markers do, it can be an early signal of iron depletion. It's a widely used part of understanding fatigue, hair changes, and overall iron status.

LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is the cholesterol carried by LDL particles, often called the "bad" cholesterol. These particles deliver cholesterol to your tissues, but when there's too much, they can deposit it in your artery walls.

LDL is the single most important cholesterol measure for cardiovascular risk, because excess LDL is a primary driver of atherosclerosis, the gradual buildup of fatty plaque inside arteries. Lowering LDL is the main goal of most cholesterol treatment, and the lower your LDL, the lower your long-term risk tends to be.

Non-HDL cholesterol is your total cholesterol minus your HDL ("good") cholesterol, capturing all the cholesterol carried by potentially harmful particles like LDL, VLDL, and their remnants in one number. It's a simple calculation that doesn't require fasting.

Non-HDL cholesterol is considered an especially useful marker of cardiovascular risk because it accounts for all the atherosclerosis-promoting particles, not just LDL. It can be a better risk predictor than LDL alone, particularly if you have high triglycerides or diabetes.

LDL Particle Number (LDL-P) counts how many individual LDL particles are circulating in your blood, rather than measuring the amount of cholesterol those particles carry (which is what standard LDL-C reports). It is most often measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Because it is the particles themselves that lodge in artery walls, the number of LDL particles can predict cardiovascular risk more precisely than cholesterol content alone. This matters most when your LDL-C looks fine but your particle count is high, a mismatch called discordance that can hide risk, and which is more common in people with insulin resistance, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome.

Transferrin saturation is the percentage of your iron-transport capacity that is actually carrying iron, calculated by dividing serum iron by TIBC. It shows how 'full' your iron-carrying seats are.

Because it combines serum iron and TIBC into one ratio, transferrin saturation is often one of the most useful single indicators of iron balance. It helps distinguish between iron deficiency, where saturation tends to be low, and iron overload, where it tends to be high. It's especially valuable when read with ferritin.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D is the main storage form of vitamin D in your blood and the marker clinicians use to judge your overall vitamin D status. It reflects what you make in your skin from sunlight plus what you get from food and supplements.

Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium and supports bone strength, muscle function, and immune health. Because your body stores it as 25-OH D, this test gives a stable picture of your longer-term status rather than a single day's intake. Levels can drift low with limited sun exposure, darker skin, or certain gut and kidney conditions.

Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a protein that sits on the surface of the cholesterol-carrying particles most likely to drive artery disease, with roughly one ApoB molecule per particle. Measuring it therefore counts the actual number of these atherogenic particles in your blood.

Because artery-clogging particles cause harm one particle at a time, the count of those particles (ApoB) can predict cardiovascular risk better than the amount of cholesterol they carry (LDL-C), especially when the two disagree. Many lipid specialists now view ApoB as a more precise risk marker, particularly in people with diabetes, obesity, or high triglycerides where LDL-C can be misleading.

Fasting glucose measures the amount of sugar in your blood after you haven't eaten for at least 8 hours. Glucose is the body's main source of energy.

Because you've fasted, this value reflects how well your body manages blood sugar at rest, without the influence of a recent meal. It's one of the most common screens for prediabetes and diabetes, and it gives a snapshot of your metabolic health over time.

Total cholesterol is the sum of all the cholesterol carried in your blood, including the cholesterol packaged inside LDL, HDL, and VLDL particles. It's a single number that gives a broad snapshot of the cholesterol circulating in your bloodstream.

Cholesterol is a waxy substance your body needs to build cells and make hormones, but too much of certain types can build up in your artery walls over time. Measuring total cholesterol is a quick first look at your cardiovascular risk, though it's most useful when read alongside your LDL, HDL, and triglycerides rather than on its own.