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Drop in your urinalysis. See every line explained in plain words, the dipstick, the microscope and the kidney markers, with what your lab and the guidelines say about it.

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A sample reading

This is how your results will read.

Made-up results: one urine test, 9 October 2026, 21 markers. Nothing here is a real person's.

Read against

Your lab's own range never changes. The guideline adds what it calls each value, with the source and year.

Reading for

Read for a 41-year-old man. Lines that change with age, sex are marked For you under each value.

Your reading · 9 October 202621 markers

14 of 21 sit in your lab's range. 7 sit outside it.

7 out of range14 in range116 not tested

Overview

Every marker on the report, grouped by area. The taller and more orange a line, the further outside its range.

— , , , , , , · 14 more in range

Markers that need attention 7 out of range

Biggest first. Open one to see what it means, how much it matters and the common reasons behind it.

Many epithelial cells often suggest the sample picked up cells from the skin or genital area, hinting at collection technique rather than disease. Certain types in higher numbers can occasionally reflect irritation or inflammation a clinician may consider.

About Epithelial cells“Squamous Epithelial Cells” on your report

Epithelial cells are surface-lining cells that naturally shed from the urinary tract and nearby areas into the urine. A urinalysis notes how many appear under the microscope.

A few epithelial cells are a normal part of everyday cell turnover. Their main practical value is helping judge whether a urine sample was cleanly collected, since many cells can suggest contamination from the skin or genital area. In some cases the type and number can offer additional clues your clinician interprets alongside the rest of the results.

The full guide to Epithelial cellsWhat people look at for it

More white blood cells than expected suggest inflammation, which a clinician may link to a urinary tract infection or other irritation, often confirmed with a urine culture or further evaluation.

About White cells in urine“WBC” on your report

This part of a urinalysis uses a microscope to count white blood cells in your urine, reported per high-power field. White blood cells are immune cells that gather in response to inflammation.

A higher count points to inflammation somewhere in the urinary tract and helps confirm what the leukocyte esterase dipstick may suggest. Because inflammation has several possible causes, this count helps your clinician gauge how likely an infection or irritation is. It adds precision to the broader picture your urinalysis paints.

The full guide to White cells in urineWhat people look at for it

Urine color describes the visible shade of your urine, which comes mainly from a yellow pigment called urochrome. It typically ranges from pale straw to deep amber.

What it affects

Color is one of the simplest windows into your hydration and what's passing through your kidneys. It shifts with how much water you drink, certain foods and medications, and sometimes with pigments that signal something worth a closer look. While color alone rarely tells the whole story, it's an easy, everyday cue your body offers about balance.

If it runs low

Very pale, nearly colorless urine usually means you're well hydrated, and sometimes over-hydrated. A pale straw to transparent yellow is the classic sign of good hydration and healthy dilution.

If it runs high

Darker shades (deep amber or honey) often reflect concentrated urine from not drinking enough. Unusual colors can have benign causes (beets, certain dyes, B vitamins turning it bright yellow) or, less commonly, point to blood, liver-related pigments, or medication effects that a clinician may want to explore.

The full guide to Urine colour

Urine clarity describes how transparent or cloudy your urine appears when held up to light. It's usually graded from clear to slightly hazy to cloudy or turbid.

What it affects

Clarity gives a quick sense of what particles might be suspended in your urine, such as cells, crystals, mucus, or minerals. Clear urine is generally reassuring, while persistent cloudiness can prompt a clinician to look more closely with a chemical dipstick and microscope. It's a simple visual clue that pairs with other tests to build a fuller picture.

If it runs low

Clear urine usually means few suspended particles and is typically a reassuring, normal finding.

If it runs high

Cloudy or turbid urine can come from harmless causes like concentrated urine, diet, or normal mucus, but it can also reflect white blood cells, bacteria, crystals, or protein that a clinician may want to investigate, especially alongside other symptoms.

The full guide to Urine clarity

This dipstick test checks for protein, mainly albumin, in your urine. Healthy kidneys normally keep most protein in the bloodstream, so little appears in urine.

What it affects

Protein in the urine is one of the earliest and most useful signals of how well the kidneys' filters are working. Small, temporary amounts can appear after exercise, fever, or stress, but persistent protein can be an important early clue about kidney health. Catching it early gives you and your clinician a head start on protecting kidney function.

If it runs low

A negative or trace result means little to no protein was detected, which is the normal, reassuring finding for most people.

If it runs high

A positive result means protein is present, which can be a passing response to exercise, fever, dehydration, or stress, or can reflect the kidneys' filters leaking protein, something a clinician may confirm with repeat or quantitative testing.

The full guide to Urine protein

This dipstick test detects leukocyte esterase, an enzyme released by white blood cells. Its presence suggests white blood cells are in the urine, a sign of inflammation.

What it affects

White blood cells gather where the body is responding to irritation or infection, so this test helps flag inflammation in the urinary tract. Combined with the nitrite test and your symptoms, it helps your clinician judge whether a urinary tract infection is likely. It's a useful screening clue that guides whether further testing is needed.

If it runs low

A negative result means little or no leukocyte esterase was detected, generally a reassuring sign of no significant urinary tract inflammation.

If it runs high

A positive result suggests white blood cells are present, pointing to inflammation that a clinician may link to a urinary tract infection or other irritation, often confirmed with microscopy or a culture.

The full guide to Leukocyte esterase

A microscopic look at your urine sediment counts bacteria that may be present. Small numbers can come from normal skin or genital flora picked up as the sample passes out of the body.

What it affects

Bacteria seen together with white blood cells and symptoms like burning or urgency can point toward a urinary tract infection. On their own, especially in a sample that wasn't collected cleanly, bacteria are often just contamination and don't necessarily mean infection.

If it runs low

Few or no bacteria is the expected, reassuring result and makes a urinary tract infection unlikely at the time of the sample.

If it runs high

Many bacteria in the sediment, particularly alongside white blood cells, nitrites, or leukocyte esterase, suggest a possible urinary tract infection. A urine culture is the usual next step to confirm whether an organism is truly growing and which antibiotic would treat it.

The full guide to Bacteria

The rest of your report.

Urine

14 in range · 7 outside, above

What the kidneys let through: a dipstick for sugar, protein, blood and infection, and a look under the microscope.

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Every marker we read

29 urinalysis lines, under every name labs print them. Each one explained.

The dipstick, the microscope and the kidney markers: if it's on your urine test, it's here. Each links to its full page in the library.

Urine29